Protocol - Use of Treatment and Recovery Support Services

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Description

The Use of Treatment and Recovery Support Services is a self-administered or interviewer-administered questionnaire that collects information on all three recovery services: psychosocial, pharmacological, and recovery supports participants may have engaged in, including residential treatments, anti-relapse/craving medications, community-based support services and mutual help groups.

Specific Instructions

The PhenX Substance Use and Recovery Working Group (WG) notes that investigators may need to modify the Use of Treatment and Recovery Support Services to ensure that medications are up to date (e.g., include Sublocade, the 30-day injectable buprenorphine-naloxone in question 4).

Terminology related to substances, substance use, and recovery is fluid. Updates in protocol language may be appropriate based on circumstance. Suggestions for revision have been offered to update answer responses or other components of the questionnaires to account for the constantly changing landscape. These suggestions have not been tested or validated in research studies but may be considered by investigators to enhance relevance.

The Substance Use and Recovery WG recommends adding a single question on satisfaction with any type of service use endorsed in the past 30 days (adapted from the Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire):

Overall, how satisfied are you with your current [insert treatment/medication/recovery support service here]?”

1 = extremely dissatisfied, 2 = very dissatisfied, 3 = somewhat dissatisfied, 4 = neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 5 = somewhat satisfied, 6 = very satisfied, 7 = extremely satisfied

The Use of Treatment and Recovery Support Services measures past service use. For measuring future service needs, the Substance Use and Recovery WG recommends two items, items S10 and S10a, from Future Service Needs - Self-Help Involvement, the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Initial (GAIN-I) Self-Help Involvement protocol.

The Substance Use and Recovery WG recommends that investigators should consider using Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) in tandem with the Use of Treatment and Recovery Support Services to help with interpretation. Client Satisfaction complements Use of Treatment and Recovery Support Services because it measures satisfaction as opposed to utilization alone.

Items were taken from Table 2 of the National Recovery Study (PI: John Kelly). We are recommending these items here, as the resulting data can then be compared directly against the NRS data and others using the same items.

Kelly, J. F., Bergman, B., Hoeppner, B. B., Vilsaint, C., & White, W. L. (2017). Prevalence and pathways of recovery from drug and alcohol problems in the United States population: Implications for practice, research, and policy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,181, 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.028

Protocols may include terms and language that could be triggering to respondents. Investigators are encouraged to have resources in place to help respondents cope with triggers as needed.

Availability

This protocol is freely available; permission not required for use.

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Protocol

Use of Treatment and Recovery Support Services 

Instructions for participants. Please check all that apply. 

1. Have you ever participated in any of the following treatment?  

1a. Outpatient addiction treatment 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

1b. Alcohol/drug detoxification services 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

1c. Inpatient or residential treatment 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

2. If participant answered “yes” to ever using treatment:  

“In the past 30 days, on how many days have you attended [insert treatment type here]” 

3. Have you ever been prescribed any of the following anti-relapse/craving medications for alcohol use? 

Antabuse (Disulfiram) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Selincro (Nalmefene) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Revia (Naltrexone) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Campral (Acamprosate) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Topamax (Topiramate) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Lioresal (Baclofen) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Other 

[ ] Yes 

  Please specify: ____ 

[ ] No 

4. Have you ever been prescribed any of the following anti-relapse/craving medications for opioid use? 

Methadone 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Orlaam (Levomethadyl acetate) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Suboxone (Buprenorphine-naloxone) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Subutex (Buprenorphine) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Revia (Oral naltrexone) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Vivitrol (Long-acting injectable naltrexone) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Other 

[ ] Yes 

  Please specify: ____ 

[ ] No 

5. If participant answered “yes” to ever been prescribed medications: 

“In the past 30 days, on how many days have you used [insert medication name here]” 

 

6. Have you ever participated in any of the following recovery support services? 

Sober living environment (e.g., halfway house, Oxford house, sober dorm, etc.) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Recovery high schools 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

College recovery programs/communities 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Faith-based recovery services (e.g., an addiction recovery support group provided by a church, synagogue, mosque, etc.) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Recovery community centers 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

State or local recovery community organization (RCO) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Online communities (e.g., Facebook groups, In The Rooms, etc.) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Phone applications (e.g. SoberGrid, A-CHESS, etc.) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

 

7. If participant answered “yes” to ever participated in recovery support services:  

“In the past 30 days, on how many days have you used [insert name of recovery support service here]” 

 

8. Have you ever participated in the following mutual-help groups? 


Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Narcotics Anonymous (NA) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Cocaine Anonymous (CA) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Celebrate Recovery 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

SMART Recovery 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Women for Sobriety 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Crystal Methamphetamine Anonymous (CMA) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Marijuana Anonymous (MA) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

LifeRing Secular Recovery 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Moderation Management 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Secular Organizations for Sobriety (S.O.S.) 

[ ] Yes 

[ ] No 

Other 

[ ] Yes 

  Please specify: ____ 

[ ] No 

9. If participant answered “yes” to ever participated in mutual help groups:  

“In the past 30 days, on how many days have you used [insert name of mutual help group here]” 

Personnel and Training Required
None
Equipment Needs
None
Requirements
Requirement CategoryRequired
Major equipment No
Specialized training No
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection No
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual No
Mode of Administration

Self-administered questionnaire

Lifestage

Adult

Participants

Adults ages 18 years or older that had resolved an alcohol or drug problem

Selection Rationale

The Use of Treatment and Recovery Support Services was compared to similar instruments and was selected because it is a validated, short instrument that captures all three services (psychosocial and pharmacological treatment and recovery support services) and is easy to administer.

Language

English

Standards
StandardNameIDSource
Derived Variables

None

Process and Review

Not Applicable

Protocol Name from Source

Kelly et al. Prevalence and pathways of recovery from drug and alcohol problems in the United States population: Implications for practice, research, and policy. Drug Alcohol Depend., 2017.

Source

Kelly, J. F., Bergman, B. G., Hoeppner, B. B., Vilsaint, C., & White, W. L. (2017). Prevalence and pathways of recovery from drug and alcohol problems in the United States population: Implications for practice, research, and policy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 181, 162–169.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.028

General References

Day, E., Manitsa, I., Farley, A., & Kelly, J. F. (2024). The UK National Recovery Survey: nationally representative survey of people overcoming a drug or alcohol problem. BJPsych Open, 10(2), e67. doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.654

Marchand, K., Beaumont, S., Westfall, J., MacDonald, S., Marsh, D. C., Schechter, M. T., & Oviedo-Joekes, E.?(2019). Conceptualizing patient-centered care for substance use disorder treatment: findings from a systematic scoping review.Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy,14, 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0227-0

Protocol ID

590601

Variables
Export Variables
Variable Name Variable IDVariable DescriptiondbGaP Mapping
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Alcohol_Rx_Antabuse
PX590601030100 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for alcohol use? Antabuse (Disulfiram) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Alcohol_Rx_Campral
PX590601030400 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for alcohol use? Campral (Acamprosate) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Alcohol_Rx_Lioresal
PX590601030600 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for alcohol use? Lioresal (Baclofen) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Alcohol_Rx_Other
PX590601030700 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for alcohol use? Other show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Alcohol_Rx_Other_Specify
PX590601010000 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for alcohol use? Other Please specify:____ show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Alcohol_Rx_Revia
PX590601030300 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for alcohol use? Revia (Naltrexone) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Alcohol_Rx_Selincro
PX590601030200 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for alcohol use? Selincro (Nalmefene) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Alcohol_Rx_Topamax
PX590601030500 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for alcohol use? Topamax (Topiramate) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Opioid_Rx_Methadone
PX590601040100 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for opioid use? Methadone show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Opioid_Rx_Orlaam
PX590601040200 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for opioid use? Orlaam (Levomethadyl acetate) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Opioid_Rx_Other
PX590601040700 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for opioid use? Other show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Opioid_Rx_Other_Specify
PX590601040800 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for opioid use? Please specify: ____ show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Opioid_Rx_Revia
PX590601040500 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for opioid use? Revia (Oral naltrexone) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Opioid_Rx_Suboxone
PX590601040300 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for opioid use? Suboxone (Buprenorphine-naloxone) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Opioid_Rx_Subutex
PX590601040400 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for opioid use? Subutex (Buprenorphine) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Opioid_Rx_Vivitrol
PX590601040600 Have you ever been prescribed any of the more
following anti-relapse/craving medications for opioid use? Vivitrol (Long-acting injectable naltrexone) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_College_Recovery
PX590601060300 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following recovery support services? College recovery programs/communities show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Detox
PX590601010200 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following treatment? Alcohol/drug detoxification services show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Faith_Based_Recovery
PX590601060400 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following recovery support services? Faith-based recovery services (e.g., an addiction recovery support group provided by a church, synagogue, mosque, etc.) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Inpatient
PX590601010300 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following treatment? Inpatient or residential treatment show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_AA
PX590601080100 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_CA
PX590601080300 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Cocaine Anonymous (CA) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_Celebrate_Recovery
PX590601080400 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Celebrate Recovery show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_CMA
PX590601080700 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Crystal Methamphetamine Anonymous (CMA) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_LifeRing
PX590601080900 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? LifeRing Secular Recovery show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_MA
PX590601080800 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Marijuana Anonymous (MA) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_Moderation_Management
PX590601081000 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Moderation Management show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_NA
PX590601080200 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Narcotics Anonymous (NA) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_Other
PX590601081200 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Other show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_Other_Specify
PX590601081300 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Please specify: ____ show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_SMART_Recovery
PX590601080500 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? SMART Recovery show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_SOS
PX590601081100 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Secular Organizations for Sobriety (S.O.S.) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Mutual_Help_Women_For_Sobriety
PX590601080600 Have you ever participated in the following more
mutual-help groups? Women for Sobriety show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Online_Communities
PX590601060700 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following recovery support services? Online communities (e.g., Facebook groups, In The Rooms, etc.) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Outpatient
PX590601010100 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following treatment? Outpatient addiction treatment show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Phone_Apps
PX590601060800 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following recovery support services? Phone applications (e.g. SoberGrid, A-CHESS, etc.) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Recovery_Community_Center
PX590601060500 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following recovery support services? Recovery community centers show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Recovery_Community_Organization
PX590601060600 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following recovery support services? State or local recovery community organization (RCO) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Recovery_High_School
PX590601060200 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following recovery support services? Recovery high schools show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Participate_Sober_Living
PX590601060100 Have you ever participated in any of the more
following recovery support services? Sober living environment (e.g., halfway house, Oxford house, sober dorm, etc.) show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Past_30_Days_Treatment_Attendance
PX590601020000 In the past 30 days, on how many days have more
you attended [insert treatment type here] show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Past_30_Days_Used_Mutual_Help
PX590601081400 In the past 30 days, on how many days have more
you used [insert name of mutual help group here] show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Past_30_Days_Used_Recovery_Support
PX590601070000 In the past 30 days, on how many days have more
you used [insert name of recovery support service here] show less
N/A
PX590601_Use_Of_Treatment_And_Recovery_Support_Services_Past_30_Days_Used_Rx
PX590601050000 In the past 30 days, on how many days have more
you used [insert medication name here] show less
N/A
Substance Use Recovery
Measure Name

Treatment and Recovery Support Services

Release Date

May 7, 2025

Definition

Psychosocial treatment is psychotherapy, pharmacological treatment is medication, and recovery support services are nonclinical interventions.

Purpose

Recovery may include use of a variety of treatment and recovery support services that people may utilize to mobilize and/or maintain adaptive and salutary recovery-related change. This measure can be used to assess lifetime and past 30-day use of “assisted” (i.e., formal treatment/medications, mutual help organizations/recovery community centers, recovery housing, recovery coaching, etc.) versus “unassisted” resolution pathways.

Keywords

Inpatient programs, outpatient programs, residential treatment, counseling, therapy, peer support, case management, continuing care services, relapse prevention, ongoing support, support groups, 12-step programs, self-help groups, online support forums, mutual help group, recovery housing, recovery community centers, recovery coaching, substance use, substance use disorder, addiction, recovery

Measure Protocols
Protocol ID Protocol Name
590601 Use of Treatment and Recovery Support Services
590602 Mutual-help Group Involvement and Treatment Attendance
590603 12-Step Group Participation
590604 Future Service Needs - Self-Help Involvement